Approximate maximum likelihood estimation for stochastic differential equations with random effects in the drift and the diffusion

Consider N independent stochastic processes \((X_i(t), t\in [0,T])\), \(i=1,\ldots , N\), defined by a stochastic differential equation with random effects where the drift term depends linearly on a random vector \(\Phi _i\) and the diffusion coefficient depends on another linear random effect \(\Psi _i\). For these effects, we consider a joint parametric distribution. We propose and study two approximate likelihoods for estimating the parameters of this joint distribution based on discrete observations of the processes on a fixed time interval. Consistent and \(\sqrt{N}\)-asymptotically Gaussian estimators are obtained when both the number of individuals and the number of observations per individual tend to infinity. The estimation methods are investigated on simulated data and show good performances.     

基本经济制度探索:中国道路与治理效能

道路问题的探索,贯穿了一百年来中国共产党领导中国人民进行革命、建设和改革的全过程.社会主义基本经济制度是中国特色社会主义的重要支柱,中国共产党领导人民对其形成与发展进行了艰辛探索,走出了一条富有中国特色的改革道路.中国共产党在基本经济制度的改革探索中把马克思主义与中国国情相结合,通过走增量带动存量、局部带动整体的渐进式改革道路,实现了促进改革与维护稳定的有效兼顾,将有效市场和有为政府结合起来,兼顾了效率与公平.基本经济制度的完善,解放和发展了生产力,畅通内外经济循环,优化中国经济运行机理,多次创业创新创富浪潮孕育兴起,居民就业和收入极大改观.进入现代化强国建设的新发展阶段,实现共同富裕必须坚持和完善基本经济制度,持续深化各项改革举措.     

The new goods margin in new markets

We analyze the role of the new goods margin in the Baltic countries’ exports and imports growth during the 1995–2008 period. Using the methodology developed in Kehoe and Ruhl (2013), we define the set of least-traded goods as those that account for the lowest 10% of total exports and imports in 1995, and then trace its growth in several markets including the Baltics’ main trade partners, the European Union and Russia. We find that, on average, by 2008 least-traded goods accounted for nearly 50% of total Baltic exports to their main trade partners. Moreover, we find that increases in the share of least-traded exports coincided with the timing of the trade liberalization reforms implemented by the Baltic countries. Least-traded imports also grew at robust rates, but their growth was lower than that of exports, accounting for slightly less than a quarter of total imports, that is, about half of the exports value. Moreover, we find that the shares of least-traded imports from the EU 15 and from Russia started diverging around the time the Baltic countries joined the EU, with the EU 15 share increasing and the Russian one declining. We also find that the Baltics’ share of least-traded exports outpaced that of other economies in Central and Eastern Europe. Finally, exports of new goods from the Baltic countries suffered noticeably during the Global Financial Crisis. After the crisis ended, the restart in new goods exports growth displayed mixed patterns.     

山东省金融稳定报告(2021)摘要

2020年,山东金融业全面贯彻落实党中央国务院和省委省政府各项决策部署,防范化解重大金融风险攻坚战取得重要成果,区域金融运行总体平稳.全省社会融资规模等主要金融指标增速创历史新高,信贷结构持续优化,金融机构组织体系更加健全,支持实体经济质量进一步提升.经济金融运行中的结构性矛盾和薄弱环节仍然突出,经济下行压力较大,实体领域风险继续向金融行业传导,金融风险防控压力依然较大.     

ANFA — National Money Creation as an Existential Threat to the Currency Union?

The recent publication of the previously secret Agreement on Net Financial Assets (ANFA) directed the public’s attention to the possibility that national central banks could create money through purchases of securities on their own account. This paper provides an overview of the legal foundations for ANFA and shows the varying extent to which the member countries use these regulations. What are the interests, risks and consequences for the countries in crisis and the currency union as a whole? Is the ECB properly monitoring ANFA purchases? Could money creation via ANFA act as an explosive device for the currency union?     

Basic Income in the Finnish Context

The goal of the Finnish experiment that started this year is to try to get some evidence on how a new social policy instrument mimicking a basic income would work and what kind of behavioural consequences it would have. At this point, there are many strong arguments being made both in favour of and opposed to basic income. Unfortunately, there are not enough facts yet. The Finnish experiment hopes to change that.     

Autonomous Driving — a Challenge for the Automotive Industry

The automotive industry is one of the most important industries in Europe. This industry is responsible for 14% of total production and capital investment in the European manufacturing sector, and in Germany the share amounts to 22%. Structural change within this crucial sector is of relevance for the whole economy. Along with alternative propulsion systems such as electromobility, (semi-)autonomous vehicles are one of the big trends in the automotive industry. For established providers, the possibility of disruptive change poses a threat to existing markets, while a gradual introduction of new technologies also increases competition. Nevertheless, with their strong market position in the premium segment and especially their relevant research activities, European and especially German automotive manufacturers are well placed to successfully master the coming challenges in the automotive market.     

The role of measurability in game-theoretic probability

This paper argues that the requirement of measurability (imposed on trading strategies) is indispensable in continuous-time game-theoretic probability. The necessity of the requirement of measurability in measure theory is demonstrated by results such as the Banach–Tarski paradox and is inherited by measure-theoretic probability. The situation in game-theoretic probability turns out to be somewhat similar in that dropping the requirement of measurability allows a trader in a financial security with a non-trivial price path to become infinitely rich while risking only one monetary unit.     

Model uncertainty,recalibration, and the emergence of delta–vega hedging

We study option pricing and hedging with uncertainty about a Black–Scholes reference model which is dynamically recalibrated to the market price of a liquidly traded vanilla option. For dynamic trading in the underlying asset and this vanilla option, delta–vega hedging is asymptotically optimal in the limit for small uncertainty aversion. The corresponding indifference price corrections are determined by the disparity between the vegas, gammas, vannas and volgas of the non-traded and the liquidly traded options.